The Emergence of Optimality Theory
نویسنده
چکیده
Generative phonology has been dominant for roughly fifty years (Chomsky & Halle 1968, etc.) with Optimality Theory (OT) being the prevailing framework in phonology for over a decade (Prince & Smolensky 2004, etc.). Both theories share the assumption that Universal Grammar (UG) provides an inventory of universal distinctive features; OT also assumes that UG provides an inventory of universal constraints. The feature inventory defines the set of potential input segments in human languages that serve as phonemic, i.e., contrastive segments across languages, while the combination of feature inventory and constraints define the set of cross-linguistically possible sets of (i) phonetic segments,1 (ii) sequences of phonetic segments, and (iii) pairings of phonemic-phonetic segments/segment sequences. The features and constraints provided in UG are available to all individual grammars, hence it follows that all individual grammars contain the same set of distinctive features and constraints. Individual grammars vary in their interactions between constraints, formally expressed as ranking. Structural differences between individual grammars are due solely to differences in ranking. Constraints hold on phonetic representations (output constraints, i.e. markedness constraints), as well as on the pairing between phonemic and
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